Right and Wrong Ethics Philosophy

Right and Wrong Ethics PhilosophyIn e very(prenominal)day life, we be always confront with the task of de boundaryining whether certain performs are right or injure. Ethics mickle thus be defined as a branch of ism that addresses issues of honorableity. Ethics is also referred to as moral philosophy. Moral philosophy is the systematic study of the nature of morality (Furrow 1). Questions involving such concepts as good and evil, right and wrong, immorality and virtue are intercommunicate in this systematic study. Such questions include what I ought to do in a certain situation? How I ought to die? Ethics is a coherent discipline in philosophy that strives to answer roughly practical questions that form a basis of establishing the guiding principles and values of an psyche or society.Gensler (3) outlines two major branches of moral philosophy or morals namely Meta moral philosophy is the branch that attempts to study the nature and the methodology of moral judgments. Ques tions to be addressed beneath this branch include what do good and ought mean? Are there moral truths and how can we justify or ration each(prenominal)y defend beliefs about(predicate) right or wrong? A meta honest view of morality has two dowers one part is concerned with the nature of moral judgments which is often the interpretation of good, the other part is about the methodology usually outlining how to select moral principles.Gensler (3) states that normative morals studies principles about how to live. It asks questions similar what are the basic principles of right and wrong? What are the basic human rights? And is abortion right or wrong? Normative moral philosophy is further classified into two levels normative theory which looks for the very general moral principles and applied normative moral philosophy which studies moral questions about specific areas like abortion, lying, euthanasia and surrogacy.Why study ethics?The study of ethics and more specifically the d evelopment of major ethical theories can be traced back to the Ancient Greek philosophy propounded by such philosophers as Aristotle and Socrates. In the modern life, ethics has captured the attention of various philosophers in diverse fields who are progressing in an attempt to answer various questions that are raised by the contemporary moral issues. gum olibanum some of the yards for examine ethics includeThe study of ethics deepens our reflection on the ultimate questions of life. This reflection helps an individualist to witness himself or herself better regarding the principles of some pertinent issues in life. Gensler (4) argues that if you substantiate not wrestled with some of lifes deeper questions, then you are not a well-educated person. Ethics enables an individual to be an all-rounded person in life.The study of moral philosophy can help us to think better about morality. few issues arise especially in the modern world and individuals are faced with ultimate que stions on the moral basis of those issues such as abortion. For instance individuals adopt different approaches in dealing with the issue of abortion, plot of land the proponents maintain that the mother has the principal right to make decisions concerning her body, the opponents argue that the sanctity of life should be maintained at all times and that the growing foetus has a right to life which is a major basic human right. Thus Gensler (4) states that moral philosophy or ethics can improve our perspective, and make it more reflective and better thought out.Another major reason of studying ethics or moral philosophy is to modify our general thinking processes. In philosophy we are able to learn very significant intellectual skills that guide our reasoning and thinking. Thus we can logically reason out concerning fundamental or ultimate questions in real life enchantment critically evaluating the conflicting view points and consequently dip for decision that reflects on our va lues and principles as individuals.Ethics is undoubtedly a very interesting subject to study. Ethics provokes some good or heavy debates with other people, especially if the two or more people intrinsicly have conflicting view points on major issues of life. These interesting debates stimulate and sharpen our thinking and imagination enabling people to re-think our view point giving room for alter or improve our perspectives in future events.History of ethicsThe history of ethics can be traced to three plosive speech sounds of thoughts as outlined by Gensler et al (25) namely the ancient, medieval and the modern power point of thought.Ancient stop of thought philosophers who contributed to the development of ethics in this period include Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicureans and stoics. In the west, philosophical inquiry into ethics began with the ancients Greeks. Greek ethicists inquired into how a person could use reason to achieve the good life but they did not separate ou t a consensus about what the good life is and the nature of the practical reason that can reach it. Socrates and Plato were concerned with act-oriented ethics which is primarily concerned with what we do. Aristotle (384-322BC), a student of Plato, modified a number of his Mentors idealistic and quasi-religious ethical views (Gensler et al 27). Aristotle is said to have rejected Platos ethical views and subsequently developed the aretaic, or virtue ethics. Gensler et al (27) argues that Aristotle proposed that virtue ethics is interested ultimately who we are despite our actions. Aristotle further subtle that virtue does not come course an individual needs to be trained or educated to be virtuous. Virtue if of two types Moral, which deals in part with the irrational part of the soul and the intellectual, which involves nevertheless the rational part of the soul. Gensler et al (28) argues that the highest form of virtue is found not in enjoying friends but in contemplating truth. Du ring the period of Epicureans and stoics, philosophers became concerned with the practicalities of dealing with the political and social instability since in 323 BC, Greece fell into a significant decline leading to numerous battles for parts of the empire.Medieval period of thought prominent philosophers in this period include St Augustine, St Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus and William of Ockham. The political and social instability in the ancient period of thought continued into this period as the philosophers got more interested into gaining a deeper insight into this issue. This led to the analysis of human actions by the philosophers. Augustine proposed that human freedom stemmed from the lack of causal influences while Aquinas believed that human freedom stemmed from the internal deliberation that causes our actions. Gensler et al (31) claims that Aquinas analyzed actions on the basis not only of their conformity to the natural law but also of their specific features the object o f an action defines the action (talking to a person), the circumstances consider the context in which the action takes place (in a lecture hall during a lecture), and the end is the acts purpose (to ask the person a question about the lecture). All these three aspects of action must be proper for the act to be considered good. Both Scotus and Ockham maintained that the matters of moral judgement were settled ultimately not by reason but by faith. Thus Gensler et al ( 31) claims that their views reinforced a stronger sense of individual autonomy both in moral and political matters. Hence the medieval view on ethics was the belief in the existence of immortal and that eternal salvation should be the principal motivation for the ethical behaviour.Modern period of thought philosophers use the term modern to denote the enlightenment period which is approximately the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Modern is contrasted with the contemporary that roughly covers the last hundred year s, the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries. Philosophers who do immense contributions in ethics during this period include Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Gensler et al (32) states that ethics in the modern age began with a movement from the other-worldly center on that dominated medieval ethics. Although these prominent philosophers of the time did not reject the existence of God, a medieval idea, they rejected the view that humans should look up to God as a guide to their actions. They equally disputed the medieval idea that eternal salvation should be the motivation for ethical behavior. To the modern philosophers, the purpose of ethics is not to instruct humans how best to love God, but, rather, to show humans how best to live together in this world (Gensler et al 32).Major ethical theoriesSome of the major ethical theories that have influenced modern thinking in the United States include utilitarianism, Kantian ethics and Aristotelian ethic s.Utilitarianism also known as the consequentialist theory states that the consequences of an action of a given individual make an action moral or immoral. Hence, an action that contributes to beneficial consequences is considered right or moral while an action that results in subtle or destructive consequences is immoral or wrong. Driver (3) claims that the theory holds that an action or a law is right if only it produces the best outcome only if it brings about the greatest good for the greatest number. To the proponents of this theory, any action is morally justified to the extent that it maximizes gains and minimizes the costs or harms. Some of the philosophers in support of this theory are Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Bentham, an 18th century philosopher usually likened happiness with pleasure thus a good life and unhappiness with pain thus an unhappy life. Mill who was a 19th century philosopher, used his theory of utilitarianism to criticize laws that he felt were p ointless and even harmful to society such as womens suffrage (Driver 3). Hence it is clear that utilitarianism ethical theory maintains that an action is moral or right when the consequences are beneficial to the volume of the parties involved and not only the person doing that action. In addition, the consequences of such an action must be evaluated, not only the immediate consequences but also the short-term and long-term consequences.Kantian ethics this is a theory that stresses on the duties and rights in the moral evaluation of any human action. The proponent of this theory, Immanuel Kant has rejected the consequentialist proposition of considering the consequences of an action to determine whether it is moral or immoral. Kant argues that the motivation behind any human action is what matters in the moral evaluation of such actions and not the consequences. Thus actions that are moral or right are those done out of a sense of duty, which means that an individual does it since one recognizes that it is the right thing to do. Bennett (75) states that Kant used some illustrious formulations of categorical imperative i.e. the name he gives to the fundamental principle of morality. Kant believed in the respect of persons and thus people should never be treated as a mere means, but only ever at the same time as an end. We are able to know our duty since we are unequivocally rational as human beings, a special nature that we posses that distinguishes us from animals. This theory maintains we should act morally depending on our rights and duties at all times and under all circumstances. Consequently moral actions promote the dignity and worth of other person, not using other persons for own purposes.Aristotelian ethics the most famous proponent of this theory is Aristotle who stressed on a virtuous life. Virtue ethics do not dwell on the principles or the rules governing our actions like the previous ethical theories but seeks a deeper insight in gaining knowle dge on the kind of character that should be possessed by a moral human being. According to Aristotle, a moral virtue is the inclination to do the right thing and avoid doing wrong. This virtuous character does not come naturally but through thorough training and education, thus it is an achievement not a natural predisposition in a human being (Gensler et al 27). Courage, temperance, prudence and justice were considered by Aristotle as the most fundamental moral virtues.In conclusion, the study of ethics is important since it helps us to evaluate our actions based on principles. This critical evaluation of ethical behaviour guides our thinking and action for future events. Ethics is an interesting subject that every person will enjoy studying since it sheds light into how we make decisions concerning the contemporary moral issues.